Pgs. 206-211

Black Codes:
Southern States met Johnson's reconstruction demands and were restored to the union. The first order of business in these new white-run governments was to put in Black Codes. The Black Codes were the following: Curfews, Vagrancy Laws, Labor Contracts, and Land Restriction.

14th & 15th Amendment:
14th Amendment: Southern defiance of Reconstruction enraged northern Republicans in Congress. They blamed President Johnson and they put an end to his reconstruction plan. The congress used one of its greatest tools, the power to amend the constitution. So in June 1866, Congressed passed the fourteenth amendment. The amendment said: All people born or naturalized in the US are citizens of the US and of the State where they reside. No state should enforce ant law that would abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the US. Also the State should not deprive the people from life, liberty, or property, without due process of law. They should not deny any person within its Juridiction the equal protection of laws.
15th Amendment: Across the South freedmen were beginning to demand the right to vote, to hold public office, to serve on juries, and to testify in court. So they wrote a letter to the Tennese constitutional convention. The letter received no response but the African Americans and their supporters pressed on. In February 1869 the fifteenth amendment was passed. It stated that no citizen may be denied the vote 'by the US or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.

Radical Reconstruction:
The congressional Republicans who drafted the Fourteenth Amendment consisted of two major groups. One group was the Radical Republicans. The Radicals were a small group bu they were increasingly influential. Most republicans however say that they are moderate. In politics, being moderate means a person who supports the mainstream views of the party, not the more extreme positions. Moderates and Radicals both opposed themselves to Johnson's Reconstruction policies. They favored the expansion of the Republican party in the South. However, moderates were less enthusiastic about the Radicals goal of granting African Americans their civil rights. Racial inequalities were still common in the North, so the moderates did not want to impose stricter law on the South than those in the North.

Carpetbagger:
Northern Republicans that moved to the postwar south began known as the carpetbaggers. Southerners gave them this nickname because it referred to cheap suitcases that were made of carpet scraps. The name implied that Northerners had stuffed some clothes and rushed in to profit from southern misery. It was said that these men were greedy men seeking to grab power or make a fast buck. Although many historians said that these carpetbaggers were honest, educated men. They included former union soldier, black northerners, Freedmen's Bureau officials, businessmen clergy, and political leaders

Scalawag:
In the postwar South, to be white and a southerner, and a Republican was to be seen as a traitor. Southerners called these white southern Republicans scalawag. Scalawag is a Scottish word, and it means 'scrawny cattle'. Some scalawags were former Whigs who had opposed to secession, some were small farmers, and others were former planters. Many scalawags, but not all, were poor. Many southern whites, resented the power of freedmen, carpetbaggers, and scalawags. So they criticized the Reconstruction legislatures as corrupt and incompetent. Though actually the men were honest and dishonest men, qualified and unqualified ones, literate and a few illiterate men. Most historians agree that at that time that these officials there were no worse no better than officials in other regions.